Sunday, October 16, 2011

What Makes Great TV News Stories?

What Makes a Great Broadcast Journalism Story?

Journalists don't just give information, they tell stories. There are certain elements to every story no matter what the subject matter. Al Tompkins writes in his book, "Aim for the Heart," when writing in a hurry he relied on a classic story telling frame. He describes it as follows:

Once upon a time...  (the setting)
Suddenly...               (the complication)
Fortunately...            (the resolution)
As it turns out...       (the closing/summary)

This system works great especially on deadline, and Tompkins is definitely a master story teller. However, when more time is available, there are a few extra elements I like to consider. The difference between an ordinary broadcast story and an extraordinary one is just that, something extra. To help me remember what makes a great broadcast journalism story I made an acronym. A great journalist doesn't just tell stories, a great journalist uncovers.

A Great Journalist's Story UNCOVERS

U – Universal Appeal
N – New Information
C – Characters
O – Opposites (meaning tension and conflict)
V – Visual variety (Wide, Medium, Tight, Tight, Tight)
E – Ending/closure to the story
R – Research
S – Surprises, Sequences and Sound

Universal Appeal: People have to be able to relate to your story or they won't care about it. The story must convey an emotion they are familiar with. The story could be about struggle, loss, triumph, pain, relationships, etc. but it must produce an emotion in the viewers when they see it.

New Information: A great story has new, current, fresh information. The story must tell viewers something they don't know, even if they were "there." Great journalists explain why the story matters early in the story, if not before the story starts.

Characters: People are more important than property, meaning when something happens, tell us who was affected before what happened. If you are going to tell a story in 70 seconds or less, you will probably only have time to introduce one character.

Opposites and Tension: When it comes to video, boring is bad. Get to the conflict or tension of the story as quickly as possible. This is important.

Visual Variety: Don't be boring. Make sure your video is interesting. Edit your stories in sequences, meaning two or three shots from each scene. Avoid pans, pulls and zooms that don't have a purpose. Also make sure there is variety in the shots you use. Remember to shoot shots that are wide, medium, tight, tight, tight.

End, Beginning and Middle: Every great story needs a beginning, middle and end. Think of a creative way to start and end the story and the middle will take care of itself. Start by jumping into the action of the story. End the story with a feeling of closure.

Research: Do your homework. Know your stuff. Don't waste people's time. Tell them something they don't know. It will pay off in the end because they will keep coming back to you.

Surprises, Sequences, Sound: Surprises are an important part of story telling. People love to be surprised so try to work them in as often as you can in unexpected places. Sequences are important, edit your video using sequences of two or three shots per scene. Sound is also an important "s" word. Sound will give viewers a feeling of being part of the action. Try to work in natural sound pops as often as you can. It will take your story to the next level.

Wednesday, August 24, 2011

Day 1 Fundamentals of Photojournalism

Class Notes from Day One of Fundamentals of Photojournalism

Always format the card before taking pictures with a D-SLR (especially if you use the card in different cameras). This can save a lot of time and hassle that might result if not done.

Photography is an art. The picture and the process is the THING.

Great photography is about HiCe:
          Honesty
          Interaction
          Candid
          Emotion

Camera Setting 101: What mood/mode is your camera in?
A- Stands for Aperture mode. The photographer sets the aperture and the camera figures out the rest.
T- Stands for Shutter (Time). The Photographer sets the amount of time the shutter is open and the camera does the rest.
P- Stands for Perfect (Program). The photographer sets this up.
M- Stands for Man Mode (Manual). The photographer does everything for better or for worse.

When using digital cameras, most people take a picture and then see immediately how it turned out by looking at the image replayed on the camera's screen. My professor says we should avoid this as much as possible. He says it destroys the thought process of the photographer and creates a barrier between the photographer and the subject. I totally agree. Instead he says photographers should work an idea, not just take individual pictures. He calls constantly looking at the results "chimping" out. "Don't Chimp!" Look once or twice before the subject arrives to make sure lighting is good, but then go off of the numbers and indicators on the camera, not the replayed captured images.

Depth of Field 101


Below are some notes from my Fundamentals of Photojournalism class at the University of Missouri School of Journalism. I am blogging about this to improve my retention of what I learn in class.

Basic Depth of Field 101

1) Three things affect Depth of Field.
Aperture
Focal length of the lens (i.e. 50mm, 35mm, 135mm)
Distance from the subject (greater the distance the the shallower the depth of field).

2) Focusing should always be done on the eye. The eye always needs to be sharp. For portraits the subject should be in focus and the background should be as neutral/fuzzy as possible. This will bring attention to the subject.

3) Shutter is the duration the camera window is open.

4) All the stops are half or twice as big as the previous. So if you make the shutter faster you need to compensate by changing the aperture or ISO.

New info to me.

Today I actually learned something I have never heard about before. It is called the Depth of Field Preview button. It was mentioned casually in class but I found more about it online. There is a great article here. I am excited to start using this more. It is sad that I haven't heard more about this before, because I have been taking pictures now for almost a year and a half.

Another thing I learned is that the f stops are really not a fraction but rather an logarithm.

I've Been Blogged!

Every so often I will blog about a journalistic work that I admire or think was done well. Today marks the first time someone else, whom I do not know, has blogged about me and one of my stories.

In Columbia, MO there are only a few local blogs that aren't run by a news companies that frequently write about local topics. One of those blogs is done by Mike Martin.

Now to be honest in the past I have checked out his blog to make sure I wasn't missing any great stories around town, and he usually has some good stuff. There have been times I have considered taking an idea from his sight a doing a story, but I never have. So when I found out that my own work was admired and written about in this blog, it gave me a sense of accomplishment. All spring semester I worked on a three part series on parking issues in Columbia, MO for my investigative journalism class. The fact that my story got picked up by this blogger in a way validated my journalism. Thanks Mike.

Check out the post. I am referred to as "KOMU."
http://www.columbiaheartbeat.com/2011/05/unattractive-nuisance-ten-story.html

You can also watch the series below.

Friday, April 22, 2011

Great Journalists Do Their Homework: Reflecting on Journalism

Good reporters do their homework. Great journalists don't just get interviews and report what is happening now. Instead, they do their homework and put it in perspective.

Lately there has been a lot of media coverage focusing on Donald Trump possibly running for president. In this story covering the matter, David Folkenflik answers all the important questions but he also puts it in perspective. The question on everyone's mind is whether Trump is serious or just wanting publicity. Of all the reports I have heard and read about the topic, none have quoted the interview Folkenflik found by Tom Brokaw interviewing Trump about whether he would run for president back in 1999. This quote from 12 years ago, I think brings light to the story today in a way no other journalist has done.

Fulkenflik's story covers the other important points as well, such as Trumps business history, his personality, his campaign points, and the fact that it is really up to voters to decide whether Trump is serious or not. The fact that he found this little fact I think sets his story apart from the rest.

Listen to it yourself.



http://www.npr.org/blogs/monkeysee/2011/04/21/135604711/donald-trump-is-thinking-about-running-for-president-or-maybe-not

The Story Behind the Story: Columbia Energy Center

When elections get close, the coverage gets fierce. One of my broadcast professors always says "you make your own luck." Well, I don't know if I made it or not this day, but I definitely got lucky.

Elections for Mid-Missouri were about a week away and it was a relatively slow news day. I decided the best option would be to do an election preview story on Proposition 2. I got all my interviews in relatively the same area of town and it was time to get my broll and standup. As I drove past the location to see the different shots I could get, I saw one of our competing stations vehicles at the scene. I drove past, and our competition didn't notice that I was there. Liked-minded minds think the same way.

I decided that I would film on the far side of the power plant that way our coverage was better than our competitors. There was a decent location for my standup. After I filmed my stand up I went over to the sub-station to get a few shots. By this time our competing station had left. Not long after I started getting some shots of the sub-station I realized that unless I could get inside the fence most of my shots would be very wide and boring. Shortly after this realization a truck parked in the lot and a man started walking my way. To my surprise he offered to take me inside the fence and explained everything there is to know about conducting electricity to power a city. I got some really great shots and I also got some great NAT sound of the "buzz/hum" of electricity. That night our competing station aired a VoSot on Proposition 2 and filled their newscast national and wire stories. Our news cast has more local news and more in-depth local news. Where they had VoSots we had PKGs. That made me feel proud to work for KOMU. My piece ended up being about as exciting as any proposition piece can be.

Here is my story. Check it out!

Friday, April 8, 2011

The Story Behind the Story: FFA District Competition

There is something exciting about finding a story and telling it well when competing stations don't even cover it. Often called "scooping the competition," I believe what makes it such a coveted experience is the satisfaction of knowing you have enterprised a story no one else knew about. It is a personal evaluation instead of the usual group evaluation through ratings that you are a good journalist, that you are connected with your audience, and cover what they are interested in.

I was really excited when I found this story idea. None of our competing stations covered this, and it was a major even that affected hundreds of local students and teachers. Seventeen hundred students came from all across Northeast and Central Missouri to prove their skills and compete against one another. I found the idea while I was searching through community calendars.

One thing I learned from this story is just how valuable pre-planning stories can be. I called a day before to evaluate just how many people would be affected by it. I got most of the who, what, when, where, and why answered before I even pitched the idea in our assignment meeting the next day. I was able to think through how I would tell the story and what I would need. Pre-planning helped me get just what I needed and when I headed back the the station I was ahead of schedule. There is great value in pre-planning. I learned that from this FFA District competition story.

Here is the story if you want to watch.

Next Generation News and Partisanship: Reflecting on Journalism

I have learned that political news is a touchy subject. Opinions are high, differences are vast, and perception of equal representation is almost impossible to achieve. It would seem that pleasing a bipartisan audience is unfeasible, especially when it comes to cable news.

NPR's All Things Considered recently did a story about FOX's news programs verses its opinion programs. The report focuses on Bret Baier, a young anchor of a political newscast that airs nightly on FOX. The story, done by NPR's David Folkenflik, reports that Baier's popularity in the cable news sphere is only surpassed by Bill O'Reilly's opinion show, and it raises questions as to whether FOX news programming is as "fair and balanced" as its executives claim.

I think this report was done well. Folkenflik asks important questions and presents both sides' arguments. He doesn't tell people what to think, but rather what to think about. That is the definition of good journalism and good news coverage.

If you want to listen to the report yourself, just click the link below.


He is a summary of Fulkenflik's story:
Baier's political-coverage balance was brought into question because during an exclusive interview he got a year ago he kept interrupting President Obama while he answered Baier's questions. Shows on FOX have been harsh on Democrat's perspectives in the past. FOX Networks executives say their network gives fair and balanced political news coverage.

Jamie McIntyre, a former reporter for CNN, said of Baier's work "I remember thinking that if you took the average Bret Baier report and you took mine and you stripped the names out so you didn't know who was producing them, I'm not sure you could tell which report was generated by CNN and which was generated by the FOX news channel."

McIntyre does say that assignments at FOX speak to the conservative audience that watches FOX reporting. David Folkenflik reports that story assignment aren't too unusual for a station to meet the needs of its viewing audience. Portland news stations cover things that happen in Portland more than they cover other news topics. If conservatives watch FOX, as PEW research has shown, then naturally FOX coverage will be more about issues that conservatives want to hear about.

Part of Baier's show is a panel discussion. Folkenflik reports over the past six months the panel has consisted of two clearly conservative people and a third usually a journalist form a "non-idological news outlet." This would clearly swing the conversation to a biased perspective with underrepresentation from members of the democratic party. Perhaps this is the best observation Folkenflik does in his story.

Folkenflik told Baier that having an unbalanced panel like that would underrepresent the left and also cast reporters as though they are surrogate liberals. To which Baier said "numerous people can make the case of what the [FOX] administration is trying to do, trying to say that provides a perspective not perhaps advocating for that position but analyzing it."

MaCintyre the former CNN reporter said Baier has "cracked the code. He has figured out what he needs to do with the employer he works for and I think he is also trying to uphold his personal standards, and I think he does that pretty well."

Baier gets 2 million viewers each night to watch his show and says that is evidence that what he is doing is right.

Friday, March 18, 2011

Nuclear Crisis and Fears of Exposure: Reflecting on Journalism

No one can watch, read or listen to the crisis in Japan without feeling some emotion about what the people there are going through. The stories come halfway across the world to us through dedicated journalists. As I have been following the story, the thought came to me: what risks are journalists taking in traveling to Japan to tell its story? Apparently I am not the only one asking.

Much of journalism is thinking logically and asking questions critically. I think this is something that Doualy Xaykaothao does well in this story.  Much of the reporting has been on those living in the area that were affected, but fewer stories have covered those who have stayed to help (doctors, nurses, etc). I think Xaykaothao does a good job of telling this story from a different yet important angle. She describes her story very well. She expresses feelings while still giving the numbers. I enjoy this story because she makes it human and provokes thought about not just the victims of the disaster in Japan, but also those who were not affected yet might be because they chose to help.

 Listen to the story for yourself; just click on the play button.

The Story Behind the Story: Gas Price Increases Impact Local Businesses

Every great broadcast news story starts with just an idea as its seed. No one can be a good journalist without having the ability to come up with story ideas.

I woke up Wednesday morning earlier than usual. I needed to find a good day-turn story idea with people that were able to be interviewed that day in order to make my assignment deadline. Since the story wouldn't air on the local station, fewer people were interested in lending me some of their time.

I found several ideas and started calling people. I made several calls but nobody was really coming through and I needed a story. I was getting desperate. The people that I thought would be most likely to give an interview weren't. I made so many calls that by the time I got the first call back agreeing to an interview, others called as well and I had to turn some away.

I went all over town and got what I needed to tell, I think, a good story on how gas price increases affect local business.

There is no magic bullet to finding stories; if there were, most journalists would be out of a job. Broadcast journalism starts with story ideas. No matter how good a journalist, if one doesn't have an idea then there will never be a great story.

Watch my story about gas price increases affecting one local business below.

Thursday, March 3, 2011

Questions are KEY: Reflecting on Journalism

Questions are key to good reporting and storytelling. This is true for at least two reasons: good questions  initiate stores and they drive the rest.

Questions Initiate Stories

The key behind every good news story is thinking of and asking questions. Reporters don't have to know everything, they just need be curious and ask questions whose answers might be interesting for viewers. In everyday situations, hundreds of questions come into our mind. Good journalists write these down and use them as a story ideas. Some examples might be: Who cleans up after a parade? When it snows and the streets are horrible, how do snow-plow drivers make it in to work? What happens at the city council meeting and why should people care? Good questions are key to finding great stories.

Questions Keep Attention 

Leslie Stahl
In addition to being the source of story ideas, questions can move a story forward by teaching and entertaining. I recently watched an episode of 60 minutes about Mark Zuckerberg, Facebook, and a new movie The Social Network hosted/reported by Leslie Stahl. The topic has been in the news a lot lately because of the recent movie about the creation of facebook.com. Beyond being an interesting topic, one thing that really sells the story are the questions and the answers they provoke. Answers provide viewers with knowledge and dialog. Both inform and entertain which is the goal of television news.

Some hard questions Stahle asks are: how many people use facebook on a mobile device? Will email become obsolete? Are you trying to turn everything on the web into a social function? Can you feel the tectonic plates shift from google to facebook? Is the goal to own the whole internet? How would you grade yourself as CEO of Facebook? These are a few examples of some of the good questions that Stahle askes the people she interviews.

She addresses issues people want to know about. She uses play on words to make the questions entertaining. In addition to the hard pressing questions, she askes lighter, fun ones as well. For example: was it hard to watch the movie? How did you actually find out he was working on a different project? Why are you pounding away at this when you already have so much money? Are you (the Winklevoss twins) on facebook? Do you feel any remorse for the twins? Do you ever pinch yourself to see if this is real?

The truth is, good questions are key to great storytelling.

I have posted the videos below, in case you too would like to watch the episode of 60 minutes.

Part one:


Part two:

Wednesday, March 2, 2011

The Story Behind the Story: Missouri State Auditor's New Citizen Summary

Dry, unexciting story ideas can make really interesting stories--it all depends on how they are told.

Everybody loves the story about their favorite team winning the championship, the blizzard story, or the child prodigy. I also enjoy those stories, but true journalistic ability is taking a hard subject and making it simple; taking a boring subject and making it entertaining.

In addition to my broadcast class at the University of Missouri, I am also taking an investigative reporting class. It was while I was searching through state audit reports that I came across this story. The Missouri State Auditor had just taken office a few weeks prior and was changing the way things are run. He was implementing a new "citizen summary" so that it is easier for the average Joe to understand which government agencies are wasting money and which ones are running effectively--that is to the Auditor's standards.

I left Columbia, uneager to head south to Jefferson City. There was snow on the roads and several accidents on the highway. I finally made it to the Capitol building and passed the only open parking space near the dome. Don't you hate it when that happens? I thought it was too good to be true so I passed it thinking it wasn't a spot but then when I realized it was I had to do the loop again and by then it was filled. I would have to park far away.

Finally I got to the building and did my interviews. B-roll was very hard to come by, but I did my best. I was hoping that the person I would wrap the story around had worked at the office for a long time but that was not the case. (In a few ways this is a good example of the difference between preplanning and prewriting.) Nevertheless, I got what I needed, filmed my stand-up and headed back to Columbia. I am proud of the end result. It might not be the best story I have ever told, but it is one I don't mind putting my name on.

It is up to you as to decide whether I made this dry topic entertaining and human. Even if you think I did or didn't, I learned about journalism in the process and I hope to do even better in the future. After all, everybody will take an interesting story any day over a dry, boring one.

Watch the video and leave me your comments below.

Tuesday, March 1, 2011

How to Choose a Professional Camera on a Personal Budget

Photography 101: How to Purchase a Great Camera on a Low Budget

Common Questions People Ask Themselves When They Consider Buying a Really Nice Camera:

What is the best camera I can buy for the least amount of money? What type of camera should I get if I just want great pictures but don't have time to become a professional? Which camera brand is the best: Nikon, Canon, or some other? Every person that gets into photography has asked these questions. When I was asking these questions, I couldn't find a great post that answered them. Now that I have the answers, I want to share the information.

Cameras 101, What You Need to Understand

When I was getting into photography, I found myself asking many of the questions above. I asked my professor, colleagues and friends. I even searched the internet to find the answers, but I found none. The truth, there really is no one correct answer to these questions. With that said, after many hours of searching, learning, and researching I can offer some advice. It is advice and knowledge I have compiled  from several people and experiences, but I specifically want to thank my friend Lars. Over the years, he has given me great advice and I want to pass it, along with other things I have learned on to you.

My Answer: Buy a Canon T2i with a 18-135mm 3.5-5.6f Lens

The Canon T2i takes great photos!!! It is also the least expensive professional grade camera that I am aware of. If you are just beginning it has totally automated features, but-for those developing their skills as an advanced photographer-it also allows you total manual control. Another great feature about the Canon T2i is it will take amazing HD video.

The Canon-made 18-135mm zoom lens with an aperture of 3.5-5.6f is a great lens! It will make small rooms look big when you are zoomed all the way out, and when you are zoomed all the way in it will get you up close and personal with the subject. It is about as good a lens as you can afford, unless you have thousands of dollars to spend on a lens. It is really versatile and works great for most situations. In low light settings you will need to bump up the ISO to its max (6400), but in all other situations you can get great photos from this lens.

Another Lens to consider getting:

I should mention that if you want to get a bigger aperture than 3.5f you might consider buying a second lens like this one. This is a 50mm fixed lens, meaning you can't zoom in or out (you zoom with your feet). The camera sees things at about the distance as your eyes. The great thing about this lens is its ability to provide a shallow depth of field. That means even if you are in a small room you can get that professional look where the subject is in focus but the background is totally blurred out.

Canon vs. Nikon: Which One is Better?    

Canon and Nikon are definitely the leaders of the D-SLR still camera industry. I have heard that Sony is also on par with them, but I have seen a lot more professionals go with Canon or Nikon cameras. Besides manufacturer, the only real difference between the two is the camera menus and user interface. Each has a unique camera menu system and slight button changes. If you haven't used either, then that won't make a difference. I have heard that Canon is a little more well known for innovation/being on the cutting edge of technology and that Nikon just follows very closely behind, but that isn't really verifiable. Both manufacturers are great and if you buy from either you can't go wrong. It really just comes down to user preference and brand loyalty.

Where Should I Buy a Camera?

BHphotovideo is the best site to purchase equipment from, but definitely check amazon. Both are great! Amazon is nice because you can get really good deals, and use amazon credit card rewards, and/or other discounts. However bhphotovideo.com is where professionals go. I have found BHphotovideo is just as cheap if not cheaper than everyone else and I have heard they give great customer service if you have an issue with your equipment. (I have never had an issue with something I bought from them, but other people have told me that is the case).

To learn more about still camera basics check out these other posts I have written. As always, if you have a question just leave a comment below.
Camera Lens 101 Basics: Things You Should Know or at Least be Familiar with When Buying a Camera Lens.
Light and Photography; a Few Things You Should Understand

Monday, February 28, 2011

My Photos: Winter Storm hits the University of Missouri

Photography, unlike any other medium, can freeze moments in time and tell powerful stories. Apart from doing broadcast news, which is my first choice for story telling, I love photography. This past Friday when a winter storm hit the Columbia campus at the University of Missouri, I went out and captured some stills. Enjoy the show!

Saturday, February 26, 2011

Camera Lens 101-Things You Should Know or at Least be Familiar with When Buying a Camera lens

If you are interested in purchasing a really nice camera, there are a few things you should know before you do. Below are some important camera basics to understand so you are a savvy shopper and get the most bang for your buck.

Camera Lenses 101

When it comes to D-SLRs the camera body is one thing and the lens is another. There are two really important aspects when purchasing a lens
1) the mm (millimeters) and
2) the aperture.

Understanding "mm vs zoom": video cameras use "zoom," still camera lenses use "mm"

When it comes to still cameras, the lens "mm" is the zoom. Your eye sees at "50mm" fixed. So 18mm is zoomed further out then your eye sees things. This is great for making a small room look big or taking a picture of a big item without having to walk really far away from it. 135mm could be described as more than double the closeness that your eye sees. Objects will appear much closer and much larger then what your eye sees. (Most outdoor portraits of people are taken at 100mm or more so that the background is out of focus and looks nice.) If you are trying to convert mm to zoom I have heard that you can divide the the mm range to get the zoom. For example 18-135mm lens would be 135/18 or 7.5x zoom. I don't know how accurate that conversion is, but it gives you an idea.

Understanding Camera Apertures: Aperture 101

Aperture is the size of the hole that lets light into the camera. It is a fraction, so it is one divided by the number. The smaller the number the bigger the hole. 1.4f is among the largest possible and is about the size of a 50 cent piece. 29f is about as small as possible about the size of a needle head. Lenses are numbered by the largest possible aperture they can have. That means a 1.4f lens (big aperture) can get as small as a 29 aperture, but you can't have a 5.6f lens (moderate aperture) be a 1.4f. If that doesn't makes sense, don't worry, just keep reading. Remember aperture is a fraction so the smaller the number the bigger the hole and it works exponentially. 1.4f is several times larger than a 3.5f which is several times bigger than a 5.6f.


Things to remember:
1.4 is a huge aperture
5.6 is moderate.  It is nothing to write home about but will work in well-lit areas. Outside 5.6f can take a great picture anywhere...until night time.

Most lenses aren't smaller than 5.6, except perhaps some really huge zoom lenses. Really huge zoom lenses are like 70-200mm or 300mm. This could be good for sports if it is outside and really bright. However, the lens can be really heavy, really big, and often their aperture is small unless you spend thousands of dollars.

A lot of lenses now a days adjust like the one described at the top (18-135mm 3.5-5.6f). That means at 18mm zoomed all the way out the largest aperture possible is 3.5. When I zoom in the largest aperture possible will only be 5.6.

Friday, February 18, 2011

The Budget Crunch, Reflecting on Journalism

Great journalism takes heated, complex issues and simplifies them so individuals can make informed decisions.
Neal Conan, NPR
NPR's Talk of the Nation with Neal Conan yesterday focused on the purposed Federal budget cuts specifically on the Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB). Besides open debate, argument and reasoning, what made this program stand out as good journalism is the way the topic was handled. NPR is publicly supported by the tax money that is purposed to be cut, yet the program presented good arguments with many perspectives from both sides of the issue.

The program covered concrete facts, and let people voice key opinions. Conan read emails and tweets. People called in to express their ideas. All this in addition to having three key leaders interviewed on the show: Tom Rosenstiel, Doug Lamborn and Earl Blumenauer. Each was given equal time. The program is so polished it makes journalism look easy, but it's not.

Below are some my notes of the arguments presented both for and against using tax money to fund the Corporation for Public Broadcasting.

Earl Blumenauer D-OR 3rd D.

Arguments to Keep CPB's Budget


  • CPB educates people.
  • No other commercial news organizations cover foreign affairs as throughly.
  • The content found on public radio isn't found on commercial stations.
  • CPB Provides essential infrastructure to help educate, engage voters.
  • CPB facilitates national dialog.
  • Start by cutting big fish and worry about the small ones later.
  • Cutting smaller programs will give a false sense of real fiscal improvements.
  • Republicans simply cutting its budget because of its political ideology.


Doug Lamborn R-CO 5th D.

Arguments to Cut CPB's Budget


  • Budget cuts must start somewhere.
  • Budget cuts won't eliminate CPB.
  • Everyone needs to give.
  • Taxpayers can't pay for everything.
  • If private sector can't sustain it then maybe it isn't worth keeping.
  • CPB can find new sources of revenue.
  • CPB might not be the national treasure that some people think it is.
  • Others are also giving up things they don't want to loose.


Tom Rosenstiel, PEW Research

The Facts


  • CPB receives $430 million each year from tax payers of which 75% goes toward public television and 25% to public radio.
  • About 10% of NPRs budget comes from tax money.
  • U.S. government spending a $1.6 trillion dollar deffecite just this year.
  • U.S. national debt at $14 trillion dollars.
  • Commercial television news (ABC, CBS, NBC) audience is half compared to what it was 20 years ago and so it's their staff.
  • More poeple listen to NPR than all those who watch the major national newscasts.
  • If CPB's budget does lose federal tax money smaller rural areas will be hurt the most.
  • About 27 million people listen to NPR each week.
  • About 20 million people watch the network evening news.
  • More people listen to NPR than perhaps any other individual news outlet.


Conclusion

This piece is an excellent example of journalism. It is a touchy subject reported in such a way that each side is represented fairly. Balance and accuracy is crucial to good journalism. I think the piece encourages great journalism. If NPR can cover it's own potential budget cuts without losing objectivity then so should every reporter. Great journalists take heated, complex issues and simplify them so individuals can make informed decisions.

Thursday, February 17, 2011

The Story Behind the Story: Blizzard Hits Mid-Missouri, Empties Grocery Stores

Sometimes the best stories are the ones that come crashing down on us when we are searching in a different direction. 

It was a Monday morning, and I had contemplated story ideas all weekend long when I finally decided on one I liked. It involved the Missouri State Auditor's office. I lined up my interviews and headed off to work where I found everyone talking about a blizzard that was supposed to hit town and interrupt everything.

One dedicated shopper fights against 18-mile-per-hour
winds to return his cart to the store.
As any good journalist, I was a little skeptical. There have been times when forecasters predicted tons of snow and none came. There have also been times when forecasters predicted an inch or two that turned into 10 or 12. I decided to take a video camera home just in case.

First came the freezing rain, then negative temperatures combined with 18-mph wind gusts, and it was all topped by 18-20 inches of snow. In less than a day the region went from cold to crippled. In Minnesota this would not be news, but it definitely was in Columbia, Mo.

MODOT truck plows through the intersection of Nifong and Providence.
Driving to the state capital, 30 miles away, was not possible. Even if I could get there, no one would be there to interview but I still needed a story. I found myself fascinated at the sheer amount of snow that covered the community.  I decided to do what all journalists in town were doing: a snow story. But I would need a unique angle, something fresh. Everyone knew it was snowing, icy, and cold, but few were daring enough to go out in it.

I decided to scout around with my still camera and see what I could find. The photos on this page were taken while I was scouting. I didn't find too many people out. Most of those outdoors were workers busy clearing streets and keeping parking lots cleared. However, I did find some people shopping at grocery stores. To my surprise, most were not getting milk and bread, but instead buying alcohol. This is an interesting angle, and it led to my story.

Some without four-wheel drive walk home after buying groceries. 
Questions lead to reporting. These are some of the questions I asked myself as I started thinking about the story. What types of vehicals were people driving in the snow? How are grocery stores impacted by the snow? When there is a blizzard in town, what do people buy? I answer all of these in my video story that you can find at the bottom of the page.

Reporting is an adventure. The outcome is never certain. Often there are twists and turns along the way. The only thing for sure is that at the end of the day the story has to air, whatever that story may be. Journalists need to be versatile. It is important to plan ahead and have a great story lined up, but if snow starts falling, cars start sliding, and the town shuts down then that's your story.

Watch the video below to see the piece. It is worth your time.

Monday, February 14, 2011

Aperture, ISO and Shutter Speed 101

Light is everything in photography.

There are three things that affect the amount of light when a picture is taken. Below is some basic information everyone should know and understand about photography and picture taking.

1) Aperture- how big the hole is that lets the light in the camera.
2) ISO- "film sensitivity", the larger the number the more "sensitive" and the faster a shot will expose.
3) Shutter speed- how long the hole is open to let light in.

Besides affecting light each item affects other things so the best photos are a good combination of each.

Aperture

1) Aperture affects depth of field-how much of the picture is in focus. Think of a hose with water running out of it. By itself the water doesn't go very far. Similarly with a large aperture 1.4 a very shallow amount of the picture will be in focus. But if you cover the hole of a garden hose with your thumb, the water goes much much further. This is like a 5.6 or greater aperture. Much more of the picture will be in focus.

ISO

2) Traditional cameras had an "ISO of 100." This is the base. Today digital cameras can go as far as 6400. This is huge, but the higher the number the more grainy a picture will look, or the more visible grain you will see. Some people really like the grain others don't. The numbers double each setting so it goes 100, 200, 400, 800, 1600, 3200, etc.

Shutter Speed

3) Apart from the amount of time light can get in the camera, shutter speed also affects how much blur a photo has. For example The river shots you have seen where the water is all fuzzy and silky was exposed for a long period of time perhaps 5-30 seconds. It is easy and fun to do things like this. However if you are filming dancing or sports you want the person to be crisp and not blurry. This might mean that you need an exposure of 1/640th of a second. That is why the aperture can be so important.

Thursday, January 20, 2011

News Topic Distribution Discrepancy: What We Are Interested in vs. What is Covered

I am reading the book Aim for the Heart by Al Tompkins for my broadcast journalism two class at the University of Missouri School of Journalism. In the introduction, Tomkins says there are many similarities between the list of characteristics that journalists represent and the list of characteristics people want from journalists. However he says there is a large discrepancy between the list of topics people are interested in seeing on the news and the topics most often covered on the news. The two lists from the book are as follows (see pages viii-ix).



Journalists say the most important issues facing the country are:

  • The economy
  • Terrorism
  • Energy Policy
  • Urban sprawl/growth
  • Traffic, transportation
  • Family values, breakdown of the family
  • Health care/coverage
  • Environment issues
  • Prescription drug costs
  • Youth crime
  • U.S./Foreign relations
  • Schools/education

Journalists say the stories they most often cover are:

  • Crime--usually drug-related murders
  • Accidents/Incidents (fire, flood, storms, traffic mishaps)
  • Celebrity news
  • Planned community events
  • Health stories, health studies, "breakthroughs"
  • Government scandal
  • Consumer tips
  • Politician/government official press conferences

"Viewers say they are not watching because we do not thoroughly cover the stories that viewers, and even we ourselves, think are important," says Tompkins (page ix). Additionally he says that many TV reporters quit broadcast journalism for this same reason. He says they lose the energy that once was their driving force. When thinking of topics to cover, broadcast journalists should ask themselves, 'when was the last time I did a story about a topic found in the first list.' The first list has topics that might be harder to cover, but are much more rewarding. Enterprising stories is one way journalists set themselves apart. If you are just starting as a broadcast journalists or a veteran, take the advice of Al Tompkins and start covering stories whose topics are important to everyone.

Tuesday, January 18, 2011

Dropbox: a Jumpdrive on Steroids, Only Better

Have you heard of Dropbox? My brother-in-law recommended it to me when I was asking him about his favorite apps. Dropbox works on Android, iPhone, Mac, PC, iPod Touch, and iPad. Dropbox is like a free 2GB jumpdrive, only better because it syncs across all your gadgets! I signed up the other day and am enjoying it so much that I thought I would share it with all of you.

Dropbox 101

Dropbox is like a jump drive only much better. It is great for college students, people who own multiple computers, or people who collaborate with others on projects. It has a bunch of uses. It replaces emailing yourself attachments, and makes transfering files from one computer to another easy. Dropbox syncs across all your devices so you don't have to keep renaming files to distinguish earlier versions. If nothing else, dropbox is a great accident insurance for your computer files. As the video below says if someone steals your computer or your house burns down, you will never lose dropbox files because they are stored in the cloud. 

Dropbox Free verses Paid

Dropbox has three plans. The version I am recommending is the free version, but if 2GB of space isn't enough for you then there are paid versions too. You can pay $99 a year for 50GB of space or $199 for 100GB of space. Follow this link to learn more. Also, since I am referring you we will both get 250MB of extra space. Try it out because if you like it half as much as I do, you will really enjoy it!



Wednesday, January 12, 2011

Keep it Simple Stupid!

If You Want People to Remember Something, the Key is Simplicity.

Charles Haddon Spurgeon once said, "a lie will go round the world while truth is pulling its boots on."  Why is it that some things spread faster than others? What makes things catchy? Why is it that some things are easy to remember and yet others are difficult? Why can professors explain things until they are blue in the face and yet often their students don’t understand and/or won’t remember, while at other times their students will pick things up in a flash. One thing that presidents, educators, CEOs, lawyers, leaders, coaches, missionaries, and counselors all have in common is the necessity to be able to communicate complex ideas in a simple way so that their audiences can internalize the message and apply it in their lives. Today’s world is a very busy place where people’s attention is constantly sought after. Pop-up messages interrupt internet browsing, bill boards interrupt commuters on their way home, and commercials interrupt the music on the radio and television. Never before has there been a greater need for the ability to communicate ideas quickly and efficiently.


Made to Stick

In Chip and Dan Heath’s book, Made to Stick, they analyze the reasons why some things are remembered and some are forgotten. They call this the “stickiness” of ideas. Their book is organized around six principles that make the acronym SUCCES (without the last s) and they are: Simple, Unexpected, Concrete, Credibility, Emotion, and Stories. Out of the six principles they use to communicate how to get ideas remembered, the most importance is the first: “simple” (p. 25).  In order for something to be remembered in this high-pace busy world one has to keep things simple. That may sound elementary but it is absolutely not. It is a difficult task to boil complex ideas down to small understandable concepts. “Simple = core + compact,” (p. 3) and that is the most important of all the principles in their book.

Everyday people work on team oriented tasks. We do so at home, at school, at work, and at play. The success or lack thereof of the tasks we try to accomplish depends on how well the team members understand the goal that they are trying to achieve. This is why simplicity is so essential to the success of any organization. In a highly competitive world those organizations that do not have a clear focus and a simple core purpose fall behind their competitors. One company that clearly understands this is McDonalds.  McDonald’s employees know that their goal is to deliver salty, fatty food faster than people can order and pay for it, and that service is what has made McDonald famous. Another company that does this well is Apple. They are so talented at making simple yet powerful computers that they can charge significantly more than their competitors. While it is true that some organizations make this task look easy, in reality it is difficult to accomplish.


Remove Excess Ideas

To keep things simple, all excess ideas must be removed—one must get to the core of an idea. Perhaps that is why keeping things simple is such a powerful principle: it essentially is two principles in one. Simplicity expresses both the core message of an idea and it does so in a compact way making it easier for people to remember. A successful defense lawyer says, “if you argue ten points, even if each is a good point, when they get back to the jury room they won't remember any.” To strip an idea down to its core, we must be masters of exclusion (p. 16).  One great example of this is Southwest Airlines.


Examples of "Core Idea" Organizations

In a book called Mavericks at Work by William C. Taylor, and Polly G. Labarre, the authors look at more than 30 companies that are leading their industries by doing things a little differently. These companies are “winning big by rethinking the logic of how business gets done and by devising new answers to the timeless challenges facing organizations everywhere.”  The successful companies highlighted in the book have broken the molds in their industries by focusing their efforts on simple ideas and concepts that others companies haven’t thought of as a compelling business model. Southwest Airlines is one of the first companies mentioned in the book (chapter 3).  This is interesting because Southwest Airlines is also one of the first organizations written about in Made to Stick as well. Clearly Southwest is doing something right, and there is a connection here that needs to be made.

Southwest has become profitable and famous based on one simple idea: it is “THE low fare airline,” (p. 29).  This one key concept is both core and compact which makes it simple (Simple = core + compact) [p. 2].  This simple idea drives all of the decisions that are made everyday by every employee that works at Southwest. Whether it is the CEO or a flight attendant, all the employees focus their work around this one idea. Southwest’s focus has made it “one of the world’s most profitable airlines.”  The fact that something is easy to understand doesn’t mean that it is necessarily easy to put into practice, but it is essential that the driving concept behind any organization be simple like Southwest.

Elder Jeffery R. Holland, a member of the quorum of the twelve apostles of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, recently said “The best missions have very few rules; but we’re deadly serious about the ones we have.”  Any person who has served a mission for a religious organization or charity knows that helping people is no easy task even though it is an easy concept to understand. The fact that missions should have very few rules does not make them any easier, but rather centers the focus on the most important concepts rather than many individual rules. This idea of easy understanding but profound implementation is a major driving factor behind the power of simple. Some of the most famous proverbs are those that are understood immediately but take a lifetime to put into practice. For example, “the Golden Rule is the ultimate model of simplicity: a one-sentence statement so profound that an individual could spend a lifetime learning to follow it,” (p. 16). While not all simple ideas should or will take a lifetime to accomplish, many do take years, months, or weeks to implement them into daily life. However, the amount of time required for implementation is not nearly as important as the amount of influence the simple idea should have in guiding its followers.

The United States military is an organization that does extensive planning for all of its operations. Plans have to be specific enough to accomplish a task and yet at the same time versatile enough to be effective when life happens. One way the United State military has been successful in accomplishing its goals is by placing a commander’s intent at the top of all of its written plans. The commander’s intent states the desired outcome of any given military operation. Since there are an incalculable number of potential changes in the circumstances that the executor of the plan experiences in the field, this is essential. By simply stating a commander’s intent at the top when there is an unforeseen change of circumstances, those executing the task will be able to adjust the plans accordingly and still accomplish the task. “When people know the desired destination, they’re free to improvise, as needed, in arriving there,” (p. 27).  Simple means understandable and implementable on a personal level so that no matter the situation the governing idea can be followed.


Schemas and Connotations

One technique that is used to convey simple ideas are the schemas that are related with those ideas. The word schema means “a mental codification of experience that includes a particular organized way of perceiving cognitively and responding to a complex situation or set of stimuli.”  Put simply, schema refers to related topics that our mind associates with other things. An example of this would be the relation of McDonalds with the word hamburgers. Another example would be Christmas and snow. When any idea is presented to our minds, our minds naturally pull up similar things that are associated with that topic to help us understand it and remember it. When the idea of snow is presented to a person their mind might thing of cold temperatures, the color white, the season of Christmas, etc. That is the schema of snow. In order to convey simple ideas, it is important that the schemas related with the ideas presented in a core message are considered when one is trying to make a concept like “THE low fare airline,” (p. 29).


Conclusion

The power of simple ideas is extraordinary. “Simple = core + compact,” (p. 2). Simple ideas have been a driving force in some of the world’s most powerful companies because people can internalize them and allow their every decision to be governed by them. To put it simply, the beauty of simplicity is the fact that it expresses ideas in both a compact and core way, making them both memorable and to the point.